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Method of emergency broadcasting in the United States and Canada

Emergency Alarm Arrangement
Type Emergency alert system
Land

United States
Tv stations All broadcast television stations and cable systems
Radio stations 77 designated Principal Entry Bespeak (PEP) stations. All commercial radio stations

Broadcast expanse

 Varies; nationwide for national activation, limited to 31 counties (and equivalents) or states at a time for regional activation

Launch appointment

 January 1, 1997
Replaced Emergency Broadcast System

The Emergency Alert Arrangement (EAS) is a national warning system in the United States designed to let authorized officials to coordinate and disseminate emergency alerts and alert letters to the public via terrestrial and satellite radio and tv, including broadcast and multichannel television.

The EAS became operational on January one, 1997, after being approved past the Federal Communications Committee (FCC) in November 1994,[ane] replacing the Emergency Broadcast Organization (EBS). Similar the EBS, the system is primarily designed to allow the President of the United States to address the country via all radio and television receiver stations in the upshot of a national emergency. Despite this, neither the system nor its predecessors take been used in this fashion, due to the ubiquity of news coverage in these situations. In practice, it is more unremarkably used at a regional calibration to distribute information regarding imminent threats to public safety, such every bit astringent weather condition situations (including flash floods and tornadoes), AMBER Alerts, and other civil emergencies.

Information technology is jointly coordinated by the Federal Emergency Management Bureau (FEMA), the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The EAS regulations and standards are governed by the Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau of the FCC. All broadcast and satellite television and radio stations, besides as cable television receiver systems, are required to participate in the system.[2]

The EAS is a forepart-end to the Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS), which coordinates the distribution of alert information via multiple channels including the EAS, such equally Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA), using the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP).[three]

Technical concept [edit]

Letters in the EAS are composed of four parts: a digitally encoded Specific Area Message Encoding (Same) header, an attending signal, an sound announcement, and a digitally encoded end-of-bulletin marker.

The audio speaker icon SAME header(assistance·info) is the most critical office of the EAS design. Information technology contains data about who originated the warning (the president, land or local authorities, the National Weather Service (NOAA/NWS), or the broadcaster), a short, general description of the outcome (tornado, alluvion, severe thunderstorm), the areas afflicted (up to 32 counties or states), the expected duration of the result (in minutes), the engagement and time information technology was issued (in UTC), and an identification of the originating station (see Aforementioned for a complete breakdown of the header).

There are 77 radio stations designated equally National Principal Stations in the Master Entry Point (PEP) Organization to distribute presidential letters to other circulate stations and cable systems.[4]

The Emergency Activity Notification is the discover to broadcasters that the president of the United states of america or their designee will deliver a bulletin over the EAS via the PEP system.[v] The government has stated that the system would allow a president to speak during a national emergency inside ten minutes.[half dozen] [7]

List of Chief Entry Signal stations[8]
Operational area Station Citations
National NPR, PRN, SXM
United States Virgin Islands WSTA [9]
Puerto Rico WKAQ [10]
Maine WGAN [xi]
NH, VT, MA, RI WBZ [12] [13] [fourteen] [15]
Connecticut WTIC [sixteen]
NYC, New Jersey WABC [17]
Northeast New York WROW
South Key New York WBNW-FM [17]
North Cardinal New York WHEN
Western New York WHAM [17]
Delaware, Eastern PA WTEL, WHYY-FM [18]
Western Pennsylvania KDKA [19]
West Virginia WCHS [20]
Maryland WBAL [21]
Commune of Columbia WFED [22]
Eastern Virginia WTAR
Central Virginia WRXL [23]
Western Virginia WPLY
Eastern North Carolina WSFL-FM
Cardinal N Carolina WQDR-FM [24]
Western North Carolina WBT
South Carolina WCOS-FM [25]
Georgia WMAC, WSRV [26]
North Florida WOKV [27]
Central Florida WFLF [27]
South Florida WAQI [27]
Alabama WJOX [28]
Mississippi WMSI-FM
East Tennessee WJCW, WJXB-FM [29]
Middle TN, SW Indiana WSM [29] [30]
W Tennessee WREC [29]
Kentucky, SW Ohio, SE IN WLW [31] [32]
Northeast Ohio WTAM [32]
Michigan WJR [33]
NW IN, Northern Illinois WLS [30] [34]
Southern IL, Eastern Missouri KMOX [30] [35]
Wisconsin WTMJ [36]
Minnesota WCCO [37]
Iowa WHO [38]
Western Missouri, Kansas WHB [35]
Arkansas KAAY
Southeast Louisiana WWL [39]
Northwest Louisiana KWKH
Central Texas KLBJ [twoscore]
North Texas WBAP [xl]
Southeast Texas KTRH [40]
Westward Texas KROD [40]
Oklahoma KRMG
Nebraska KRVN [41]
North Dakota KFYR [42]
Montana KERR [43]
Wyoming KTWO [44]
Colorado, Due south Dakota KOA [45]
New Mexico KKOB
Arizona KFLT [46]
Utah KSL [47]
Idaho KBOI
Northern Nevada KKOH
Southern Nevada KDWN
San Diego area KOGO [48]
Southern California KFI, KNX [48]
Fundamental California KMJ [48]
Northern California KCBS [48]
Hawaii HEMA [49]
American Samoa WVUV-FM
Guam and Northern Marianas KTWG
Oregon KOPB-FM, KPNW [50]
Washington KIRO [51]
Alaska KFQD [52]

Primary Entry Bespeak stations [edit]

The National Public Warning System, also known equally the Principal Entry Point (PEP) stations, are a network of 77 radio stations that are, in coordination with FEMA, used to originate emergency alarm and warning information to the public before, during, and after incidents and disasters. PEP stations are equipped with additional and backup communications equipment and power generators designed to enable them to continue broadcasting data to the public during and afterwards an effect. Beginning with WJR/Detroit and WLW/Cincinnati in 2016, FEMA began the process of constructing transportable studio shelters at the transmitters of 33 PEP stations, which characteristic broadcasting equipment, emergency provisions, a rest area, and an air filtration organization. NPWS project manager Manny Centeno explained that these shelters were designed to "[expand] the survivability of these stations to include an all hazards platform, which means chemic, biological, radiological air protection and protection from electromagnetic pulse."[53] [54] [55]

Communication links [edit]

The FEMA National Radio System (FNARS) "Provides Primary Entry Bespeak service to the Emergency Alarm System", and acts every bit an emergency presidential link into the EAS. The FNARS cyberspace control station is located at the Mountain Conditions Emergency Operations Heart.[56]

Once an EAN is received by an EAS participant from a PEP station (or whatsoever other participant) the message then "daisy chains'" through the network of participants. "Daisy chains" form when one station receives a bulletin from multiple other stations and the station then forward that message to multiple other stations. This process creates many redundant paths through which the message may flow increasing the likelihood that the message will be received past all participants and adding to the survivability of the organization.

Each EAS participant is required to monitor at to the lowest degree two other participants.

[edit]

Considering the header lacks fault detection codes, information technology is repeated iii times for back-up. EAS decoders compare the received headers against one another, looking for an verbal friction match between whatsoever two, eliminating most errors which can crusade an activation to neglect. The decoder then decides whether to ignore the message or to relay it on the air if the message applies to the local area served by the station (following parameters fix by the broadcaster).

The Aforementioned header bursts are followed by an attention tone, which lasts between 8 and 25 seconds, depending on the originating station. The tone is audio speaker icon 1050 Hz(help·info) on a NOAA Atmospheric condition Radio station. On commercial broadcast stations, a audio speaker icon "two-tone"(help·info) attention signal of 853 Hz and 960 Hz sine waves is used instead, the same indicate used past the older Emergency Broadcast Arrangement. These tones take become infamous, and can be considered both frightening and annoying past viewers; in fact, the two tones, which course approximately the interval of a just major 2nd at an unusually high pitch, were chosen specifically for their ability to depict attending, due to their unpleasantness on the human ear. The Aforementioned header is as known for its shrillness, which many have found to be startling. The "two-tone" organisation is no longer required as of 1998, and is to be used only for audio alerts before EAS messages.[57] [ full citation needed ] Like the EBS, the attention signal is followed by a voice message describing the details of the alert.

The message ends with 3 bursts of the AFSK "EOM", or End of Message, which is the text NNNN, preceded each time by the binary 10101011 calibration.

IPAWS [edit]

A Gorman-Redlich rack mounted CAP-to-EAS converter which translates CAP formatted alerts into Same headers.

Under a 2006 executive order issued by George Due west. Bush, the U.South. authorities was instructed to create "an effective, reliable, integrated, flexible, and comprehensive" public warning organisation. This was achieved via expansions to the aforementioned PEP network, and the development of the Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS)—a national aggregator and distributor of alert information using the XML-based Mutual Alerting Protocol (CAP) and an cyberspace network. IPAWS can exist used to distribute alert information to EAS participants, supported mobile phones (Wireless Emergency Alerts), and other platforms.[58]

Under an FCC report and order issued in 2007, EAS participants would be required to migrate to digital equipment supporting CAP within 180 days of the specification'south adoption by FEMA. This officially occurred September thirty, 2010, but the deadline was later delayed to June thirty, 2012 at the request of broadcasters.[59]

The FCC has established that IPAWS is not a full substitute for the existing Aforementioned protocol, every bit it is vulnerable to situations that may brand cyberspace connectivity unavailable. Therefore, broadcasters must convert CAP messages to legacy SAME headers to enable backwards compatibility with the existing "daisy chain" method of EAS distribution, providing a backup distribution path.[59] [sixty]

Station requirements [edit]

The FCC requires all broadcast stations and multichannel video programming distributors (MVPD), hereafter "EAS participants", to install and maintain FCC-certified EAS decoders and encoders at their control points or headends. These decoders continuously monitor the signals from other nearby circulate stations for EAS messages. For reliability, at least two source stations must be monitored, 1 of which must be a designated local primary. Participants are to retain the latest version of the EAS handbook.

EAS participants are required by federal law to relay Emergency Action Notification (EAN) messages immediately (47 CFR Part 11.54).[61] Broadcasters traditionally have been immune to opt out of relaying other alerts such as severe weather, and child abduction emergencies (Bister Alerts) if they so choose (in practice, severe conditions coverage is usually handled by a station'south local news operation and on-air meteorologists, rather than processed through EAS).[62]

EAS participants are required to keep logs of all received messages. Logs may be kept past hand but are unremarkably kept automatically past a small receipt printer in the encoder/decoder unit. Logs may also be kept electronically inside the unit every bit long as in that location is access to an external printer or method to transfer them to a estimator.

In add-on to the sound messages transmitted by radio stations, idiot box stations must broadcast a visual brandish containing the originator, event, location, and time period of the alert,[63] as well as whatever extended text that is contained within the associated CAP message.[59] [60]

Organization tests [edit]

All EAS equipment must exist tested on a weekly basis. The required weekly test (RWT) consists, at a minimum, of the header and end-of-message tones. Though an RWT does not need an audio or graphic bulletin announcing the test, many stations provide them as a courtesy to the public. In addition, boob tube stations are not required to transmit a video message for weekly tests. RWTs are scheduled by the station on random days and times, (though quite often during late night or early afternoon hours), and are by and large not relayed.[57] [ full commendation needed ]

A Required Monthly Examination (RMT) transmitted in New Bailiwick of jersey on April 15, 2014 as shown on a goggle box set

Required monthly tests (RMTs) are generally originated by the local or state primary station, a country emergency management bureau, or past the National Weather Service and are so relayed by broadcast stations and cable channels. RMTs must be performed between eight:thirty a.thousand. and local sunset during odd numbered months, and between local sunset and 8:30 a.m. during fifty-fifty numbered months. Received monthly tests must exist retransmitted within hr of receipt.[57] [64] Additionally, an RMT should not exist scheduled or conducted during an event of great importance such as a pre-announced presidential speech, coverage of a national/local election, major local or national news coverage outside regularly scheduled newscast hours or a major national sporting event such equally the Super Bowl or World Serial, with other events such equally the Indianapolis 500 and Olympic Games mentioned in individual EAS country plans.

An RWT is not required during a calendar week in which an RMT is scheduled. No testing has to be done during a calendar week in which all parts of the EAS (header burst, attention signal, audio message, and end of message burst) take been legitimately activated.

In July 2018, in response to the aftermath of the faux missile alert in Hawaii before in the year (which was caused by operator error during an internal drill protocol), the FCC announced that it would take steps to promote public awareness and improve efficiency of the arrangement, including requiring safeguards to forestall distribution of false alarms, the power to authorize "live code" tests—which would simulate the procedure and response to an actual emergency, and authorizations to utilize the EAS tones in public service announcements that promote awareness of the system.[65] [66]

National periodic tests [edit]

On Feb iii, 2011, the FCC announced plans and procedures for national EAS tests, which involve all television and radio stations connected to the EAS, equally well as all cablevision and satellite services in the U.s.a.. They are not relayed on the NOAA Weather condition Radio (NOAA/NWS) network as it is an initiation-only network and does non receive messages from the PEP network.[67] [68] The national examination would transmit and relay an Emergency Activity Notification on November nine, 2011 at 2:00 p.m. EST.[69] [70]

The FCC found that merely half of participants received the message via IPAWS, and some "failed to receive or retransmit alerts due to erroneous equipment configuration, equipment readiness and upkeep problems, and confusion regarding EAS rules and technical requirements", and that participation among low-power broadcasters was depression. To reduce viewer confusion, the FCC stated that hereafter national tests would be delivered under the new event code "National Periodic Test" ("NPT"), and list "The states" as its location.[71] [72] A second national examination, now classified as an NPT, occurred on September 28, 2016 as part of National Preparedness Month.[73] [74] A 3rd national periodic test occurred on September 27, 2017.[75]

The quaternary NPT occurred on October three, 2018 (delayed from September 20, 2018 due to Hurricane Florence). It was preceded past the showtime mandatory wireless emergency alert test.[76] [77] [78]

The 5th NPT occurred on August 7, 2019, moved up from past years to forbid it from occurring during the center of the Atlantic hurricane season. The test focused exclusively on distribution to broadcast outlets and television providers via the primary entry point network, in social club to gauge the efficiency of alert distribution in the consequence that the net cannot be used.[79] [lxxx]

The 6th NPT was postponed to 2021 among the ongoing COVID-nineteen pandemic "out of consideration for the unusual circumstances and working conditions for those in the broadcast and cable industry."[81] The sixth test occurred on August xi, 2021 at 2:20 PM EDT.[82] This test involved the WEA system alongside television and radio.

Additions and proposals [edit]

The number of result types in the national system has grown to fourscore. At commencement, all but 3 of the events (civil emergency message, firsthand evacuation, and emergency action notification [national emergency]) were weather-related (such equally a tornado warning). Since then, several classes of non-weather emergencies accept been added, including, in most states, the AMBER Alert Organisation for child abduction emergencies. In 2016, three additional conditions warning codes were authorized for use in relation to hurricane events, including Extreme Air current Warning (EWW), Storm Surge Alarm (SSW) and Tempest Surge Watch (SSA).

In 2004, the FCC issued a Detect of Proposed Rulemaking (NPR) seeking comment on whether EAS in its present grade is the almost effective machinery for alert the American public of an emergency and, if non, on how EAS can exist improved, such equally mandatory text letters to cellphones, regardless of subscription. As noted above, rules implemented by the FCC on July 12, 2007 provisionally endorse incorporating CAP with the SAME protocol.

In November 2020, Congress passed the Reliable Emergency Alert Distribution Comeback (READI) Human action.[83] Commencement sponsored by Hawaii Senator Brian Schatz in response to the Hawaii simulated missile alert, it amends the Warning, Warning, and Response Network (WARN) Act to require distribution of wireless alerts issued past the ambassador of FEMA, and commands the FCC to establish a ways of reporting false alerts, encourage the establishment of State Emergency Communications Committees (SECC) that would meet annually to evaluate their EAS plans, require the repetition of alerts surrounding "emergencies of national significance", and open an enquiry into the feasibility of implementing the EAS on internet-related services.[84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89]

Limitations [edit]

The EAS tin can but be used to relay audio messages that preempt all programming; equally the intent of an Emergency Action Notification is to serve as a "last-ditch effort to get a message out if the [p]resident cannot go to the media", it can hands be made redundant by the immediate and constant coverage that major weather events and other newsworthy situations—such as, nearly prominently, the September xi attacks in 2001—receive from television broadcasters and news channels. Following the attacks, and so-FCC chairman Michael Chiliad. Powell cited "the ubiquitous media environment" every bit justification for non using the EAS in their firsthand backwash. Glenn Collins of The New York Times acknowledged these limitations, noting that "no president has e'er used the current [EAS] organisation or its technical predecessors in the last 50 years, despite the Soviet missile crunch, a presidential assassination, the Oklahoma City bombing, major earthquakes and iii recent high-alert terrorist warnings", and that using information technology would accept actually hindered the availability of live coverage from media outlets.[90] [91]

Following the tornado outbreak of March 3, 2019, Birmingham, Alabama NWS meteorologist Kevin Laws told CNN that he, personally, wished that alerts could be updated in real-time in social club to reflect the unpredictable nature of conditions events, noting that the tempest system'due south unexpected change in trajectory towards Lee Canton resulted in only a ix-minute alert (the resulting tornado would kill 23 people).[84]

The tendency of cord cutting has led to concerns that viewers' lessened use of circulate media in favor of streaming video services would inhibit their power to receive emergency information (however availability of alerts on mobile phones).[84] [85]

Incidents [edit]

False alarms [edit]

  • On Feb 1, 2005 in Connecticut, an alert was mistakenly issued calling for the immediate evacuation of the entire state. The alarm contained no specific detail on why it had been issued. The message was broadcast due to operator mistake while conducting an unannounced, but scheduled statewide examination. A study conducted post-obit the incident reported that at to the lowest degree xi% of residents actually saw the alarm live, and that 63% of those surveyed were "a trivial or not at all concerned"—citing a suspicious lack of detail in the message, which a legitimate alert would include. Only 1% of those surveyed actually attempted to go out the state. Connecticut State Law did not receive any calls related to the incident.[92] [93] [94]
  • On June 26, 2007 at seven:35 a.m. CDT, an Emergency Activeness Notification was accidentally issued in the state of Illinois, when a new satellite receiver at the country'due south EOC was accidentally connected to a live system before final internal testing of the new delivery path had been completed. The alert was followed by dead air, and then audio from designated station 720 WGN in Chicago being simulcast across almost every television and radio station in the Chicago surface area and throughout much of Illinois. A confused Spike O'Dell, host of the station'due south morning prove at the time, was heard on-air wondering "what that beeping was all about".[95] [96]
  • On May nineteen, 2010, NOAA Atmospheric condition Radio and CSEPP tone alert radios in the Hermiston, Oregon area, nearly the Umatilla Chemical Depot, were activated with an EAS warning soon after v p.thousand. The message transmitted was for a astringent thunderstorm alarm, issued by the National Atmospheric condition Service in Pendleton, but the manual broadcast instead was a long period of silence, followed by a few words in Castilian. Umatilla County Emergency Direction has stressed there was no emergency at the depot.[97]
  • On September three, 2016, in the wake of Tropical Storm Hermine, an alert was displayed on tv set calling for the immediate evacuation of the entirety of Suffolk County, abruptly ending with the incomplete sentence "This is an emergency bulletin from". About 15 minutes after the original message was sent, the warning was re-issued with an addendum clarifying that the alert was actually calling for a voluntary evacuation of Fire Island—a bulwark isle of Long Isle. Officials cited an error in the canton's Lawmaking Carmine system; while the right bulletin was entered into the arrangement, an fault processing an abbreviated message for tv set resulted in the mistake.[98] [99]
  • On September 28, 2016, at half-dozen:17 PM EST, an emergency alert was broadcast to the aqueduct WKTV and in diverse other regions across the United States.[100] [101] The message read: "Civil Authorities have issued a Hazardous Materials warning for The United States. Effective until September 29, 02:16 AM EDT. Would you. Could you. On a train? Wait for further instructions." Later that day, subsequently the emergency alarm aired, WKTV issued an apology for the alert, stating "There is NO such warning. It was a technical error." WKTV also made a follow-up post on their Facebook, stating: "There is no emergency. This message originated from FEMA as a exam and had the National Location Code in it. Tests should not have that code as it is automatically re-transmitted. We apologize for any inconvenience." Despite having aired in multiple regions of the United States, the judgement "Would you. Could y'all. On a train?" was only in the alert that aired on WKTV; the sentence was really from the Dr. Seuss book Green Eggs and Ham.
  • On August 15, 2017 at approximately 12:25 a.m. ChST, Guam stations KTWG and KSTO transmitted a ceremonious danger warning for the island; Guam Homeland Security described the bulletin, which interrupted programming on the stations, and was received on television by some viewers, equally beingness an "unauthorized test" of the EAS. The incident's touch was strengthened, as Democratic people's republic of korea had threatened the launch of ballistic missiles towards Guam simply a few days beforehand. Numerous calls to 911 operators and the Department of Homeland Security were made following the circulate.[102] [103]

  • On January 13, 2018 at approximately 8:07 a.m. HST, the Hawaii Emergency Management Agency (HI-EMA) mistakenly issued an emergency alert warning of a ballistic missile inbound threatening the region, which was claimed to exist not a drill. 38 minutes later on, it was announced past HI-EMA and the Honolulu Constabulary Department that the alert was a fake alarm.[104] [105] The incident came amidst heightened business over the possibility that Hawaii could be targeted by Due north Korean missiles (in December 2017, Hawaii tested its missile sirens for the commencement time since the Cold War).[106] HI-EMA administrator Vern Miyagi stated that the incident was a "mistake made during a standard procedure at the alter over of a shift".[107]

Cybersecurity breaches [edit]

On several notable occasions, EAS equipment became the subject of hacks by exterior entities due to poor security measures, including poor firewalls, and use of insecure or unchanged default passwords on encoder hardware.

  • In February 2013, several stations in Great Falls, Montana and Marquette, Michigan were breached in such a manner, relaying a hoax message warning that "expressionless bodies" were "rising from their graves". Information technology was determined that the stations' equipment was poorly protected, and that the broadcasters had farther neglected to change default factory logins or passwords, opting to apply factory presets instead. Because of this, the FCC, FEMA, equipment manufacturers, as well every bit merchandise groups, including the Michigan Association of Broadcasters, urged broadcasters to modify their passwords and to recheck their security measures.[108] [109] [110] [111] [112]
    • In a related incident, WIZM-FM in La Crosse, Wisconsin accidentally triggered the EAS on television station WKBT-DT by airing a recording of the fake message during its morning prove. The relayed audio included the hosts' laughter and reactions to the clip.[113]
  • On February 28, 2017, WZZY in Winchester, Indiana was hacked in a almost-identical style, playing the aforementioned "dead bodies" audio from the February 2013 incidents. The incident prompted a public response from the Randolph County Sheriff's Department clarifying that at that place was no actual emergency.[114] [115]
  • In Jan 2020, Security Ledger published an investigation finding that at to the lowest degree 50 EAS decoders past Digital Alert Systems had not been patched for a security vulnerability (use of a shared SSH central) found past IOActive in 2013.[116]
  • On February 20, 2020, the EAS equipment of Washington-based provider Wave Broadband was hacked, causing approximately 3,000 customers in Jefferson County to receive several false alerts (including a "Radiological Take chances Warning"), which contained irrelevant messages and alert audio referencing internet memes and websites (including 1 suggesting that the provider change its passwords).[117] [118] On March two and 3, 2020, a legitimate Required Monthly Test was displayed with a bulletin ("AIGHT IM DONE U CAN Rest Now. MR GERDE WAS HERE") that had also appeared in the hack: a visitor official stated that this was a remnant of the hack that would be addressed.[119] [120]

Tone usage exterior of alerts [edit]

To protect the integrity of the system, and prevent false activations, the FCC prohibits the use of bodily or simulated EAS/WEA tones and attention signals outside of genuine alerts, tests, or authorized public service announcements, especially when they are used "to capture audience attending during advertisements; dramatic, entertainment, and educational programs". Broadcasters who misuse the tones may be sanctioned (including existence required to partake in compliance measures) and fined.[121]

  • Tones from the EAS were used in the trailer for the 2013 film Olympus Has Fallen; cable providers were fined $1.9 million by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on March three, 2014 for misuse of EAS tones.[122] An event similar to this previously occurred in November 2013, when TBS was fined $25,000 for the use of EAS tones in a Conan advertisement.[123]
  • During the October 24, 2014 episode of the syndicated radio prove The Bobby Basic Show, host Bobby Bones played audio from the 2011 national examination as role of a rant about a genuine test from Nashville's Fox chapter, WZTV, that interrupted Game 2 of the 2014 World Series on Oct 22. The errant Emergency Activeness Notification was relayed to some broadcasters and cable systems—particularly those not configured to pass up EAN messages that did not match the current date. On May 19, 2015, iHeartMedia, who distributes the bear witness and owns its flagship station WSIX-FM, was fined $i 1000000 for the incident. The visitor was too ordered to implement a three-year compliance plan to avert any further incidents, including removing all EAS tones or like-sounding noises from its sound production libraries.[124] [125]
  • From August 4 to vi, 2016, Tegna, Inc.-owned NBC chapter WTLV in Jacksonville, Florida aired an ad several times during NBC's primetime coverage of the 2016 Summertime Olympics produced by the marketing department of the National Football League's Jacksonville Jaguars featuring out-of-sequence EAS tones over Jaguars training campsite footage and a voiceover noting "this is not a test, this is an emergency broadcast transmission...seek shelter immediately", along with the on-screen text "the tempest is coming". The ad aired four times before station compliance government pulled the advertising after the local news industry blog FTVLive criticized the station for carrying it, peculiarly during the peak of the Atlantic hurricane season. FTVLive's piece would be noted by the FCC in their conclusion against WTLV rendered on May thirty, 2017, when it was given a $55,000 fine for carrying the offending Jaguars advertisement.[126] [127]
  • The FCC issued several fines relating to EAS tone usage in August 2019, including ABC beingness fined $395,000 for using wireless emergency alert tones multiple times during a Jimmy Kimmel Live sketch, AMC Networks beingness fined $104,000 for using the tones in The Walking Dead episode "Omega", Discovery Inc. beingness fined $68,000 for including footage of an actual WEA activation during a Solitary Star Law episode filmed during Hurricane Harvey, and Meruelo Group was fined $61,000 for including an EAS-like tone during a radio advertising for KDAY and KDEY-FM's morning show.[121]
  • On September nine, 2019, the FCC proposed a $272,000 fine confronting CBS for using simulated EAS tones in the Immature Sheldon episode, "A Mother, A Child, and a Blueish Human being'south Backside".[128] CBS defended the statement, proverb that the tones' usage was a "dramatic portrayal", and that it was an "integral role of the storyline near a family unit'southward visceral reaction to a life-threatening emergency". The prove's audio editors accomplished the consequence by downloading EAS tones from YouTube and modifying the volume of the tone. CBS passed the edited tone through three quality rooms equipped with EAS decoders and prescreened the episode to make sure it did not trigger an bodily warning. Also, the show'due south dialogue was used to obscure some elements of the warning. However, the FCC insisted that the modified tone nevertheless sounded like a normal EAS tone, despite the volume being lowered and the tone being cutting brusk in elapsing. It too said that the prescreening process did not excuse an unauthorized usage of the EAS tones.[129] Despite the justification past CBS and Warner Bros. Telly for the use of the EAS tones, they were anachronistic to the show'southward late 80s-early 90s time period.
  • On April 7, 2020, the FCC proposed a $20,000 fine against New York City radio station WNEW-FM, for using the attending signal during its forenoon show on October 3, 2018 every bit part of a skit discussing the National Periodic Test held afterward that twenty-four hours.[130]

Testing errors [edit]

  • On October 19, 2008, KWVE-FM in San Clemente, California accidentally initiated a Required Monthly Test when it meant to conduct a Required Weekly Test. Furthermore, an operator aborted the exam mid-mode through the circulate (failing to broadcast the end-of-message tone), causing all expanse outlets to broadcast KWVE-FM'south programming until those stations took their equipment offline.[131] On September 15, 2009, the FCC fined the station'south owner, Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa, $5,000. Afterwards the fine was levied, various land circulate associations in the Usa submitted articulation letters to the FCC, protesting confronting the fine, maxim that the commission could take handled the matter better.[132] On Nov 13, 2009, the FCC rescinded its fine confronting KWVE-FM, but had still admonished the station for dissemination an unauthorized RMT, likewise as omitting the code to finish the test.[133]
  • On September 21, 2017, a technical glitch in some other scheduled test past KWVE caused the end-of-message tone to exist omitted, causing regional participants (particularly Charter and Cox Cable systems in Orangish Canton) to simulcast a portion of Chuck Swindoll's Insight for Living program. Some viewers speculated that the organization had been hacked, as the portion of the program relayed (where Swindoll was discussing the Bible verse 2 Timothy 3:1, and stated, "Realize this, extremely tearing times will come.") could be insinuated out of context as discussing an impending apocalypse.[134] [135] [136]

Run across besides [edit]

  • Alert Set up (Canada)
  • Digital Emergency Alarm System (DEAS)
  • Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)
  • Emergency population warning
  • Emergency Public Alarm Arrangement
  • Wink Flood Guidance Systems
  • HANDEL (UK'due south one-time National Set on Warning System)
  • ICANN'southward TEAC (Transfer Emergency Action Contact) aqueduct in cases of URL hijacking
  • J-Alert
  • Local Admission Warning
  • National Astringent Atmospheric condition Warning Service
  • National Alarm System
  • NOAA Weather Radio
  • Nuclear football
  • Nuclear MASINT
  • Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service
  • Specific Area Message Encoding
  • Standard Emergency Alert Indicate (Australia)
  • Wartime Broadcasting Service
  • Weatheradio Canada
  • Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA)

References [edit]

  1. ^ "What is Conelrad? EBS? EAS?". Archived from the original on April five, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
  2. ^ "Federal Register 76220" (PDF). Federal Communications Committee. United States Government Printing Office. December 20, 2006.
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External links [edit]

  • Consumer facts page
  • FCC observe regarding possible improvements

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